Foreign pronunciation Essay Example for Free

Foreign pronunciation Essay In his book Foreign Accent: The Ontogeny and Phylogeny of Second Language Phonology, Roy C. writes that first language transfer is very influential and one of the most important components at the beginning stages of foreign language acquisition. (p. 31) At this point the scientist implies learning phonology, which usually takes place at the beginning of the course of a foreign language study. Another researcher, Trubetzkoy, stresses that the perception of the foreign language is filtered through the sieve of a learner’s mother tongue. (From Roy 2001, p. 31) In phonology this filter resultes in producing an accent, which drew the pronunciation of the foreign language near the pronunciation of the mother tongue. The examples can be found in adopting English pronunciation all around the world: â€Å"a French accent may be recognizable from word final stress patterns and uvular /R/; a German accent by the lack of /w/—/v/ distinctions; a Spanish accent by the rhythmic characteristics and lack of vowel reduction; an American accent by the /r/ and marked vowel reduction; and a Japanese accent by the lack of r/—/1/ distinctions. † (From Roy 2001, p. 31) According to Weinreich (1953), there are different types of negative transfer in phonology. The researcher Weinreich proposes to differentiate the following seven types: Sound Substitution. It occurs when a learner uses the nearest equivalent of his/her mother tongue to pronounce a sound of the foreign language. For instance, English sounds /? ? / are usually mispronounced by foreign learners. Spanish learners substitute them with dental /? ?/, French pronounce /s z/ instead of them; Hindi speakers use their retroflex /? ?/ (although Hindi also has similar sounds / ? ?/). Phonological Processes. This concerns all allophones and allophonic processes. For example, German learners of English have a tendency to devoice the final voiced consonants: ha|t| instead of ha|d|, |bik| instead of |big|. English speakers, in their turn, are more likely to use a velarized or dark [l] for final clear [l] in French or Spanish words: eel [il] instead of. il [il] â€Å"he†, 1 [el] instead of el [el] â€Å"he†. Underdifferentiation. It takes place, when a learner misses some differentiations in foreign sounds due to the fact that his/her native language does not have these differentiations. For instance, English has /i/ and /? /, but French learners usually use one /i/ for both; English /? / and /? / can be pronounced as one /? / by a Portuguese speaker. Over-differentiation. This process is opposite to what under-differentiation is. In the case of over-differentiation the native language of a learner contains differentiations, which do not exist in the foreign language. Though, as Weinreich points out, over-differentiation does not lead to some gross phonetic mistakes, â€Å"it results in a different mental representation. † (From Roy 2001, p. 32) To illustrate over-differentiation, Roy C. brings the following examples: â€Å"English /d/ and /? / are separate phonemes whereas in Spanish they are allophones (/d/ [? ] after vowels). An English speaker thinks of the [d] in dia â€Å"day† as a different sound from the [? ] in nada â€Å"nothing, † whereas the Spanish speaker thinks of them as one sound, because they are allophones of the same phoneme. † (From Roy 2001, p. 32) Reinterpretation of Distinctions. It is related with the theory, which divides features into primary and secondary, or distinctive and redundant. For example, in American variant of English the qualitative tense/lax distinction is primary and the quantative is secondary. Native English speaker does not even hear the length of sounds, but the sound |i| in beet and bit will never be confused. In contrast, length in German words is primary and their quality is secondary, as it is seen in bieten [bi:t? n] â€Å"to offer, and † bitten [bit? n] â€Å"to ask†. Consequently, a German learner will think that in English words beet and bit the length is more important that the quality of the vowel. Phonotactic Interference. This process takes place when a learner modifies syllable and word structures in the foreign language in order to fit the patterns in his/her native tongue. For example, Brazilian Portuguese very often pronounce the words ping pong and picnic like pin[gi] pon[gi] and pic[i] nic[i] because the syllables |in| can not be placed at the end of Brazilian words. Prosodic Interference. It takes place, when a learner substitutes prosodic patterns in the foreign language with those of his/her mother tongue, in spite of the fact that the prosodic patterns of the both languages are completely different. Thus, a French student would incorrectly stress the last syllables in English words because in his/her native language all the words have the last syllables stressed. An English student can pronounce Chinese sentences using English intonation patterns. As the book Foreign Accent: The Ontogeny and Phylogeny of Second Language Phonology states, the finding of Weinreich, and all the similar ones, help to predict the areas which will cause difficulty in learning a foreign language. Weinreich’s differentiation of negative transfer types prompted other researches on the same topic. Thus, Moulton (1962) presents error types (from Roy 2001, p. 33), based on the linguistic and socio-linguistic contrasts between English and German. According to Moulton, while learning a foreign pronunciation, students make the following types of errors: phonemic errors phonetic errors allophonic errors distributional errors

Sports Information :: essays research papers

The Minnesota Vikings opened their developmental camp for veterans on Monday morning at Winter Park. The Vikings had a very high player turnout for their first session on Monday, including free agent signees Kenny Mixon, Lorenzo Bromell, Corey Chavous, and Henri Crockett. The developmental camp will run Monday-Wednesday and the Vikings will have workouts, classroom work, and weightlifting. â€Å"I thought the work was good,† Mike Tice said. â€Å"I thought the tempo was good today. I had to pull them back a little bit because I was worried about somebody getting hurt. But I thought the tempo was excellent and the guys understand that they have to be in good shape in order to keep up.† The only veterans not at Monday’s workout were defensive tackle Darius Holland and newly signed tight end Hunter Goodwin and punter Kyle Richardson. Tice said Holland had a death in the family and that Goodwin would likely be on the field tomorrow and Richardson on Wednesday. The Vikings will have their first mini-camp this weekend, when the team’s draft picks and rookie free agents will join the veterans for practices. â€Å"There is definitely a sense of excitement on both sides of the ball,† Byron Chamberlain said. â€Å"I think guys were eager to get out here after what seemed like a long offseason. Any time you win five games and lose 11, it tends to be a pretty long offseason. There is a sense of excitement with the moves we made in the draft and free agency and just seeing guys out here for the first time.† Notes The Vikings signed rookie free agent wide receiver Kelly Campbell on Monday. Campbell played for Vikings’ defensive line coach George O’Leary at Georgia Tech, where he had 56 catches for 708 yards and three touchdowns in 2001. He is Georgia Tech’s all-time leader in career catches (198), receiving yards (2,907) and touchdowns (24). Comments from Monday Daunte Culpepper On his knee I’m fine. I’ve just rehabbed it real good this offseason. I’m feeling real good. I’m over 90 percent and I’m ready to go. (It just) needs a little more strengthening, that’s all. I can run. I would like to strengthen it a little bit more so it’s equal to my right, or even stronger. On Bryant McKinnie He definitely is a blessing to us and definitely to myself. I’m glad that we got him. I was hoping and praying that we would, and I couldn’t believe that he dropped to number seven.

Deception Point Page 71

Despite the late hour, Gabrielle was not at all surprised to see the building's foyer filling with people, an apparent convergence of excited media crews and even more excited NASA personnel. Gabrielle hurried inside. The entryway resembled a museum, dominated dramatically by full-size replicas of famous mission capsules and satellites suspended overhead. Television crews were staking claims on the expansive marble floor, seizing wide-eyed NASA employees who came through the door. Gabrielle scanned the crowd, but did not see anyone who looked like PODS mission director Chris Harper. Half the people in the lobby had press passes and half had NASA photo IDs around their necks. Gabrielle had neither. She spotted a young woman with a NASA ID and hurried over to her. â€Å"Hi. I'm looking for Chris Harper?† The woman eyed Gabrielle strangely, as if she recognized her from somewhere and couldn't quite place it. â€Å"I saw Dr. Harper go through a while ago. I think he headed upstairs. Do I know you?† â€Å"I don't think so,† Gabrielle said, turning away. â€Å"How do I get upstairs?† â€Å"Do you work for NASA?† â€Å"No, I don't.† â€Å"Then you can't get upstairs.† â€Å"Oh. Is there a phone I might use to-â€Å" â€Å"Hey,† the woman said, looking suddenly angry. â€Å"I know who you are. I've seen you on television with Senator Sexton. I can't believe you would have the nerve-â€Å" Gabrielle was already gone, disappearing into the crowd. Behind her, she could hear the woman angrily telling others Gabrielle was here. Terrific. Two seconds through the door, and I'm already on the Most Wanted List. Gabrielle kept her head down as she hurried to the far side of the lobby. A building directory was mounted on the wall. She scanned the listings, looking for Chris Harper. Nothing. The directory showed no names at all. It was arranged by department. PODS? she wondered, scanning the list for anything that had to do with the Polar Orbiting Density Scanner. She saw nothing. She was afraid to glance over her shoulder, half expecting to see a crew of angry NASA employees coming to stone her. All she saw on the list that looked even remotely promising was on the fourth floor: EARTH SCIENCE ENTERPRISE, PHASE II Earth Observing System (EOS) Keeping her head turned away from the crowd, Gabrielle made her way toward an alcove that housed a bank of elevators and a water fountain. She searched for the elevator call buttons, but saw only slits. Damn. The elevators were security controlled-key card ID access for employees only. A group of young men came hurrying toward the elevators, talking exuberantly. They wore NASA photo IDs around their necks. Gabrielle quickly bent over the fountain, watching behind her. A pimple-faced man inserted his ID into the slot and opened the elevator. He was laughing, shaking his head in amazement. â€Å"The guys in SETI must be going nuts!† he said as everyone boarded the elevator. â€Å"Their horn carts traced drift fields under two hundred milliJanskys for twenty years, and the physical proof was buried in the ice here on earth the whole time!† The elevator doors closed, and the men disappeared. Gabrielle stood up, wiping her mouth, wondering what to do. She looked around for an interoffice phone. Nothing. She wondered if she could somehow steal a key card, but something told her that was probably unwise. Whatever she did, she knew she had to do it fast. She could now see the woman she'd first spoken to out in the lobby, moving through the crowd with a NASA security officer. A trim, bald man came around the corner, hustling toward the elevators. Gabrielle again bent over the fountain. The man did not seem to notice her. Gabrielle watched in silence as the man leaned forward and inserted his ID card into the slit. Another set of elevator doors slid open, and the man stepped on. Screw it, Gabrielle thought, making up her mind. Now or never. As the elevator slid closed, Gabrielle spun from the fountain and ran over, sticking her hand out and catching the door. The doors bounced back open, and she stepped in, her face bright with excitement. â€Å"You ever seen it like this?† she gushed to the startled bald man. â€Å"My God. It's crazy!† The man gave her an odd look. â€Å"The guys at SETI must be going nuts!† Gabrielle said. â€Å"Their horn carts traced drift fields under two hundred milliJanskys for twenty years, and the physical proof was buried in the ice here on earth the whole time!† The man looked surprised. â€Å"Well†¦ yes, it's quite†¦ † He glanced at her neck, apparently troubled not to see an ID. â€Å"I'm sorry, do you-â€Å" â€Å"Fourth floor please. Came in such a hurry I barely remembered to put on my underwear!† She laughed, stealing a quick look at the guy's ID: JAMES THEISEN, Finance Administration. â€Å"Do you work here?† The man looked uncomfortable. â€Å"Miss†¦?† Gabrielle let her mouth fall slack. â€Å"Jim! I'm hurt! Nothing like making a woman feel unmemorable!† The man went pale for a moment, looking uneasy, and running an embarrassed hand across his head. â€Å"I'm sorry. All this excitement, you know. I admit, you do look very familiar. What program are you working on?† Shit. Gabrielle flashed a confident smile. â€Å"EOS.† The man pointed to the illuminated fourth floor button. â€Å"Obviously. I mean specifically, which project?† Gabrielle felt her pulse quicken. She could only think of one. â€Å"PODS.† The man looked surprised. â€Å"Really? I thought I'd met everyone on Dr. Harper's team.† She gave an embarrassed nod. â€Å"Chris keeps me hidden away. I'm the idiot programmer who screwed up voxel index on the anomaly software.† Now it was the bald man whose jaw dropped. â€Å"That was you?† Gabrielle frowned. â€Å"I haven't slept in weeks.† â€Å"But Dr. Harper took all the heat for that!† â€Å"I know. Chris is that kind of guy. At least he got it straightened out. What an announcement tonight, though, isn't it? This meteorite. I'm just in shock!† The elevator stopped on the fourth floor. Gabrielle jumped out. â€Å"Great seeing you, Jim. Give my best to the boys in budgeting!† â€Å"Sure,† the man stammered as the doors slid shut. â€Å"Nice seeing you again.† 84 Zach Herney, like most presidents before him, survived on four or five hours of sleep a night. Over the last few weeks, however, he had survived on far less. As the excitement of the evening's events slowly began to ebb, Herney felt the late hour settling in his limbs. He and some of his upper level staff were in the Roosevelt Room enjoying celebratory champagne and watching the endless loop of press conference replays, Tolland documentary excerpts, and pundit recaps on network television. On-screen at the moment, an exuberant network correspondent stood in front of the White House gripping her microphone. â€Å"Beyond the mind-numbing repercussions for mankind as a species,† she announced, â€Å"this NASA discovery has some harsh political repercussions here in Washington. The unearthing of these meteoric fossils could not have come at a better time for the embattled President.† Her voice grew somber. â€Å"Nor at a worse time for Senator Sexton.† The broadcast cut to a replay of the now infamous CNN debate from earlier in the day. â€Å"After thirty-five years,† Sexton declared, â€Å"I think it's pretty obvious we're not going to find extraterrestrial life!† â€Å"And if you're wrong?† Marjorie Tench replied. Sexton rolled his eyes. â€Å"Oh, for heavens sake, Ms. Tench, if I'm wrong I'll eat my hat.† Everyone in the Roosevelt Room laughed. Tench's cornering of the senator could have played as cruel and heavy-handed in retrospect, and yet viewers didn't seem to notice; the haughty tone of the senator's response was so smug that Sexton appeared to be getting exactly what he deserved.

Eighteenth Century Literature Essay

At the start of the Eighteenth Century Literature the literary pieces focus on rational and scientific views on all aspects of life be it economic, social, political and religious. The period heralded the Age of Enlightenment which was the thought much prevalent of the day. The writers sought to determine universal principles on humanity, nature, and society. The eighteenth-century literate reflected this quest. Written pieces around this time attacked various spiritual and scientific authority, dogmatism, intolerance, censorship, and economic and social restraints. Thus we can see in Thomas Gray’s â€Å"Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard† expressedly deals with the social issues prevalent during their time particularly the wide gap between social class and the opportunity to attain greatness. These lines in the poem captured these views: â€Å"Let not Ambition mock their useful toil, Their homely joys, and destiny obscure; Nor Grandeur hear with a disdainful smile The short and simple annals of the Poor. † Look more:  the importance of being earnest satire Gray’s tone throughout the poem is filled with regret. One can sense that something important is lost. This emotional tone captures the injustices that exist in the society due to wealth. He was actually voicing his opinions clearly against social class prejudices that was apparent during that period. In Jonathan Swift’s A Modest Proposal also tackled the social ills during his time. This satirical essay used allusions to English oppressive attitudes toward the Irish. This is apparent in these lines â€Å"I grant this food may be somewhat dear, and therefore very proper for Landlords, who as they have already devoured most of the Parents, seem to have the best Title to the Children. † He also pointed out criticisms on England on the way it mistreated Ireland: â€Å"For this kind of commodity will not bear exportation, and flesh being of too tender a consistence, to admit a long continuance in salt, although perhaps I could name a country, which would be glad to eat up our whole nation without it. â€Å" At first glance, the poem appeared to be criticisms heaped on England. But upon closer inspection one can also sense that Swift was expressing his sentiments on the conditions in Ireland, more specifically the can-do spirit of the times that pervaded the community which misled people into thinking that they can cure all social and economic ills specifically fix population and labor issues. Swift’s Modest Proposal talked about â€Å"a burlesque of projects concerning the poor†, that were considered fashionable in the early 18th century. Eighteenth Century Literature is characterized by extreme rationalism and skepticism which gave rise to deism or the belief in the existence of God which became the main theme in the succeeding era of Romanticism. This era is considered as the Age of Sensibility which of course clased with the ideals of the Middle Ages. Towards the end of the period, an intensifying focus on instinct and feeling instead of judgment and restraint was noted paving the way for the Romantic Literature. Romantic Literature During the period of Romanticism, industrialization was introduced. Steam engine was developed and this caused expansion of cities and a number of migrants leaving the countryside. Poor people flocked to the city. Issues such as class-conflicts and concerns on environmental pollution were prevalent. This developments in the era prompted the poets and the writers to seek solace in the beauty of nature. Thus, in most of their literary works we can see the universal theme of Mother Nature being the true cause of wisdome and the antidote to industrialization. Philosophers particularly Jean Jacques Rousseau tackled pertinent issues such as the supremacy or dominance of nature over civilization. A group of poets called Lake Poets from England espoused this philosophical view. Lake Poets comprised of a group of friends such as William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. The work of these two poets reflect their sentiments perfectly. These Romantic Poets utilized emotions and reflections in their poets to get their message across. Wordsworth’s `I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud`and Coleridge’s `The Eolian Harp` reflected their thoughts about nature and how much they value it. â€Å"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud† by Wordsworth is about the beauty of nature and the need for introspection. This is best captured in the last lines of the poem: â€Å"For oft, when on my couch I lie In vacant or in pensive mood, They flash upon that inward eye Which is the bliss of solitude; And then my heart with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils. † Nature after all is best understood and appreciated in solitude. Solitude here however does not mean loneliness but inner peace or tranquility which is the by-product of being in commune with the natural order. Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s `The Eolian Harp` also tackles the beauty that nature brings. The Eolian Harp is a stringed instrument which produces music when placed in an open window allowing breeze to pass over it. The eolian harp was often used by poets in the Romantic period to represent creativity. Just like Wordsworth’s poem, it sought to cope with pensiveness and nature as the solution or cure for this pensiveness as apparent in the first lines of the poem: â€Å"My pensive SARA ! thy soft cheek reclined Thus on mine arm, most soothing sweet it is To sit beside our Cot, our Cot o’ergrown With white-flower’d Jasmin, and the broad-leav’d Myrtle† Coleridge and Wordsworth, however, have different versions of romanticism. Coleridge wanted to make the paranormal â€Å"real† or believable. Wordsworth’s idea of romanticism is to stir the imagination of readers using real characters. Victorian Literature During the Victorian Era (1837 – 1901), novels and poems were no longer written mainly to please the aristocratic few but to make an impression and cater to the tastes of the much larger middle class. The novels were also getting wider acceptance around this time. In this era, romantic images of the past were extolled. The writers use everyday language and combine it with classical and traditional language to symbolize the ushering of modernity in the Victorian period. At that period, the economy was developing, the nobility was gaining less prominence, and the class structures were vanishing. There is a expressed need for Victorian poets to find a voice that would capture the essence of their time and place. Rudyyard, Kipling ` Danny Deever` attempts to portray the inner turmoils of a man about to be executed. The poem is about military execution parade with Danny Deever. â€Å"What makes you look so white, so white? † said Files-on-Parade. â€Å"I’m dreadin’ what I’ve got to watch†, the Colour-Sergeant said. For they’re hangin’ Danny Deever, you can hear the Dead March play, The regiment’s in ‘ollow square — they’re hangin’ him to-day; Danny is to be executed by hanging because he killed a fellow soldier while he was asleep. One can sense the concerns of the soldier. Another important poet in the Victorian Era is William Ernest Henley who wrote â€Å"Invictus. † His poems were largely based on his personal reflections of his life and his situation being an amputee who suffered tuberculosis of the bone. â€Å"In the fell clutch of circumstance I have not winced nor cried aloud. Under the bludgeonings of chance My head is bloody, but unbow’d. † The common theme that ran through the poems is about struggles in life. Danny Deever struggled with his work as a soldier and in Invictus, struggles against disease was obvious. Literature in Victorian era is largely characterized as certain, conservative and objective. Writers in this area had learned to live with realities plaguing them be it social, economic and religious. Certainty in both poems come in the form of death and struggles. The views during this literary period were predominantly conservative especially when it came to social perspectives. The upheavals the people experienced during the romantic era had died down in the Victorian era. Much of the poets’ works around this time served to link and prepared writers as they paved way for the modern era. The literary pieces around this time also tended to reminiscing the past particularly the stories in the classical literature and the medieval literature of England. The Victorians cherised the the heroism, chivalry and nobility of the knights in the past and hoped to recapture that behavior in their period.

How Well Does Parliament Perform Its Various Functions Essay Example

How Well Does Parliament Perform Its Various Functions Essay Example How Well Does Parliament Perform Its Various Functions Essay How Well Does Parliament Perform Its Various Functions Essay Parliament is designed to keep the executive accountable ; therefore it goes about this by assorted agencies of authorities examination. such as Prime Minister’s Question Time. In add-on. Parliament is expected to execute a legislative map. making the procedure of a measure going a jurisprudence after undergoing many phases between the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Finally. Parliament is besides required to be representative of the state. with constituencies making a strong local nexus between the electorate and their MP. As Parliament is required to size up the executive. each hebdomad there is Prime Minister’s Questions giving backbench MPs the opportunity to set the Prime Minister under force per unit area and inquire him/her difficult inquiries. Often this hebdomadal meeting is a conflict between the party in authorities and the resistance for illustration on 29th February 2012. Ed Miliband criticised the alliance authorities on the topic of the NHS reforms when he reported that Nick Clegg’s support of the reform varied depending on the day of the week as the Liberal Democrats had allegedly sent out different messages about the Health and Social Care Bill for England. However MPs of the authorities have been known to size up their ain party leader. particularly if they are non content with the work in their constituency. Although. since Tony Blair reduced Prime Minister’s Question clip to merely one time a hebdomad. the inquiries posed are non answered exhaustively as there is non much clip. this besides allows for fewer inquiries to be asked. Furthermore. many Prime Minister’s have been able to ease through Prime Minister’s Questions as they had a big bulk like Tony Blair. This meant that there were non adequate size uping MPs on the resistance ; therefore the function of examination was non carried out so far. However. Prime Minister’s Question clip is non the lone beginning of Parliamentary examination as since 1979. each governmental section has had a choice commission who can name for persons. documents and records . ensuing is more unfastened authorities. which in bend reduced the power of the executive. Choice commissions are based in Portcullis House are made up of backbench MPs. of different parties therefore they are non party specific. Furthermore. the Liaison Committee besides now calls the Prime Minister to reply inquiries twice a twelvemonth. It has been said that select commissions have been a major factor in opening up the authorities over the past 20 old ages. for illustration in July 2007. the constitutional personal businesss commission decided that following a series of contentions. the function of the Attorney General in the ground forces was not sustainable’ and should be reformed. Nevertheless. the choice commissions consist of backbench MPs ; therefore they frequently reflect the workings of the authorities. Additionally. as the members of choice commissions are non experts in different Fieldss of cognition. they lack the expertness and power to significantly damage or question the authorities. The House of Lords besides play a cardinal function in examination as it has one power that the House of Commons does non: the upper chamber holds the power to protract the life of parliament beyond the normal five twelvemonth maximal term. for illustration the life of the Conservative authorities elected in 1935 was prolonged several times before stoping in 1945. Furthermore. the House of Lords’ cardinal function is to reexamine and amend the statute law passed from the House of Commons. As the House of Lords is more independent than the House of Commons. with a broad scope of cognition from many different Fieldss. the upper chamber is willing to stand up to the House of Commons. therefore get the better ofing the authorities ; Blair was defeated over three hundred times since his landslide triumph in 1997. This besides allows the upper chamber to detain measures for up to a twelvemonth to let for clip for amendment. for illustration in 2004. the Fox Hunting measure was delayed. But on the other manus. the Lords are merely able to detain a measure for one twelvemonth ; therefore they have no power to halt a measure wholly. particularly if there is a bulk in the House of Commons. In add-on. authorities can merely overrule the House of Lords. as on the 3rd juncture that a measure is rejected by the Lords. the elective Parks can coerce it onto the legislative act books against the Lords’ will. therefore by making a Parliament Act. However. examination is non the lone function of Parliament. as most people recognise it for its legislative map. to do statute law legitimate as the primary jurisprudence doing organic structure. As Parliament is moving on behalf of the electorate. the House of Commons has become the more dominant chamber in Parliament. Although measures can get down in either chamber. the Commons is where the bulk of statute law is introduced. and it passes over 100 measures each twelvemonth. However. the measures do non merely travel through to the Royal Ascent easy. the House of Lords bases in topographic point to reexamine and amend the white documents sent through from the House of Commons. for illustration the amendment of the Terror measure in 2005. Furthermore. the Lords are besides able to reject measures that it redeems unsuitable for illustration the old Labour government’s proposal of national ID cards. The input from the House of Lords into the jurisprudence devising procedure is highly valuable as it consists of experts in many different Fieldss including medical specialty ( Lord Winston ) and concern ( Lord Sugar ) . On the other manus. there are many defects to Parliament’s legislative map. Although the Salisbury Convention prevents the Godheads from barricading every piece of statute law that the Commons effort to base on balls. it basically means that if the party in power proposed a piece of statute law in their pronunciamento. they will acquire the measure through comparatively unopposed. While this seems harmless. it reflects that fact that if a authorities has a big bulk. the bulk of its proposals will be passed. taking to elected absolutism. Besides. every bit far as the Godheads can detain and reject measures from the House of Commons. they can be overruled by the usage of the Parliament Act. they are besides limited by the fact that they can merely detain statute law for up to a twelvemonth. Finally. as a representative democracy. is it necessary that Parliament is representative. therefore in the House of Commons. 650 MPs are elected to stand for single constituencies. making a strong nexus between the electorate and the administration of the state. besides established by MPs’ surgeries every Friday in their local constituency. This ensures that everybody is represented. In recent old ages. a larger attempt has been made to vouch that the House of Commons reflects a just word picture of our society. hence presently 22 % of MPs are adult females and 27 are cultural minorities. including a choice of female cultural minorities. for illustration Diane Abbott ( Labour ) . the first black female MP. This has lead to David Cameron’s A List of preferable campaigners. as he attempts to pull an ncreasing figure of female campaigners who are besides cultural minorities. Not merely does the lower chamber carry out a representative map. but besides the Godheads are known for stand foring the national involvement. As they are non elected. the Lords are less portion political than the Commons as 186 Godheads do non place themselves with a party. so sit on the crossbenches. Additionally. the Lords are appointed for their expertness in many different Fieldss. therefore they derive from many different walks of life. However. although Parliament efforts to be progressively representative. the First Past the Post electoral system produces a really unrepresentative House of Commons. as the figure of seats does non straight correlate to the figure of ballots ; this is clear as in 2005. Labor gained 35 % of the ballot yet managed to accomplish 55 % of the seats. In the 2010 election. the Broad Democrats had 23 % of the ballot. but merely gained 8. % of the seats in the House of Commons. this is besides true for UKIP. as they achieved over 1 million ballots. but they did non acquire a plurality in a individual constituency. doing failure to win a place in the House of Commons. In add-on. besides the figure of adult females in the House of Commons is increasing. it still merely stands at 22 % . which is non proportionate of the electorate. the deficiency of proportionality is besides true when it comes to the mean age of MPs. as it presently stands at 50. Finally. although the MPs are all elected. powe r still lies in the custodies of unelected people – the Lords. The Lords are. on norm. a batch older than the MPs. increasing the unrepresentative characteristic. but there are still 92 familial Godheads who are non even appointed for their great cognition and expertness. taking to the inquiry of pointless power. All things considered. Parliament holds a great trade of duty. nevertheless there are many restraints on the sum of power Parliament can keep. therefore it is unable to transport out all of its maps to full grade. For illustration. although the House of Commons deficiencies representation. it is more likely that MPs will be older as they have more political experience and therefore are respected more.

Analyse the Causes and Consequences of the Arab-Israeli war of 1967

Foreword Throughout history, the result of the regional / world war, at least politically, changed the way of the nation. War is not usually done without reasons and reasons; for reasons or for other reasons. Sometimes they struggle to expand territory, economic problems or even the existence of the country. The end result of any war will affect the country concerned, its population and the area where it occurs. This also applies to the 1967 Arab - Israel war. This document as a whole analyzes Zionism as the three main causes of the 1948 Arab - Israel War, Arab Nationalism, British foreign policy, and the conclusion of the 1948 Arab - Israel war. It is a very complex conflict with its origins dating back to the Bible era. The influence of World War I and World War II led to the British foreign policy of delivering the Palestinian Council to the United Nations. And it led to Israel's declaration of independence. This declaration caused confusion between Jews and Arabs and caused war. The outcome of this war was disastrous in shaping Middle Eastern politics to this day. Hinchcliffe pointed out that since 1982, there has been no massive military confrontation between Israel and its alabas and lack of meaningful peace continued until the end of the century ( Hinchcliffe 2001, p. 9). The 6-day war was also known as the June War or the Third Arab-Israel War, but from June 5 to 10, 1967 and the third short war in the Arab-Israel war . Israel's decisive victory included occupation of the Sinai Peninsula, the Gaza Strip, the West Bank district, Old Town of Jerusalem, the Golan Heights, but the status of these territories subsequently became a major problem of the Arab-Israel conflict . Before the war started, Israel's retaliation costed a great deal, as Palestinian guerrilla groups led by Syria, Lebanon and Jordan increased attacks on Israel. In November 1966 Israel attacked Alsam village on the western coast of Jordan, Israel Air Force shot down six Syrian MiG fighter plane in the air battle with Syria in April 1967 when 18 people were killed and 54 people were injured did.

Use of Experts in Scholarly Research Dissertation

Use of Experts in Scholarly Research - Dissertation Example There is a need to integrate the two models to incorporate the advantages of each on order to reach harmony among the scholars regarding expert involvement in epistemology. This paper aims to propose such a model. It starts by presenting a literature review and analysis, followed by a detailed discussion of the most important approaches to the field of study and research, and ends by presenting a framework that aims to corroborate the established schools of thought about instruction and the role of experts as guides for research. Literature Review: The study and analysis of the currently available literature on the subject is important in order to ascertain the extent of progress in the pertinent field and the frequency of research conducted. Such research is important to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the issue under discussion, that is, the use of experts in the field of scholarly research. This literature review would be divided into two parts: the synthesis of the available information on the subject, followed by a scholarly analysis of the literature, discussing the shortcomings of the available material regarding the subject. Synthesis: the literature discusses the role of experts in research under two distinct models; the traditional method of expert instruction, and the more recent method of constructivism (Murphy, 1997). A most comprehensive study made on the subject is by far the article ‘Towards Expert Knowledge?’ by Paivi Tynjala, published in the International Journal of Educational Research in 1999. In this article, Tynjala makes a comparison between the traditional instructional set up and the more recent advent of constructivist education. The article starts by describing the established model of learning across the majority of institutes, analyzing its characteristics and presenting the issues that arise from the practice of that traditional system in the present day evolved framework of academia. it deconstructs the issue into its constituents, discussing each component separately, such as the ontology of expertise, the epistemology of gaining expertise, the methodology involved, and the shortcomings of that methodology. It presents as a solution the pure form of constructivist model, demanding a sheer shift from one system to the other and submitting that such a drastic changeover is the only method of catering to the changing needs of the field. It does not present any model for integration of the two systems, rather simply advocates const ructivism. Another extensive research on the topic comes from Kimberly A. Galt, in his work ‘Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches to research and inquiry’ (2008). The discussion starts by defining the different approaches to learning, such as epistemology, ontology, and methodology, and then progresses to the detailed discussion of each, focusing the most on methodology. It includes detailed analysis of the different types of methodology, like quantitative, qualitative, and mixed, listing the characteristics of each and set ups in which each could be adequately used. This study does not aim at upholding a certain system, but leaves the conclusion to be drawn by the researcher as to which methodology of epistemology suits his mind frame. There are very few other such open-ended studies available on the subject. Helen Gosse, Holly Gunn, and Leon Swinkels, in their article